塞下曲
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唐代]：许浑
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朝来有乡信，犹自寄寒衣。
塞下曲译文及注释
译文
桑乾河北边一场夜战，秦地士兵一半未能归营。
早晨后方送来一位士兵的家信，告诉他寒衣已经寄来。
注释
桑乾（gān）北：桑乾河北岸。桑乾河，永定河的上游，发源于山西，流经华北平原。
秦兵：唐都在关中，是秦朝旧地，所以称唐军为“秦兵”。半不归：一半回不来，指战死。
乡信：家乡来信。
犹自：仍然。寒衣：御寒的衣服。
塞下曲鉴赏
“夜战桑乾北，秦兵半不归。”前两句仅用十个字描写了发生在桑乾河北的夜战。这次夜战的结果，使得半数左右的战士再没有回来。这种情形是战争年代很普通、也很真实的悲剧。此诗仅用纯客观的叙事，真实地反映一场战争。表面看来，作者对此战争未附以感情色彩，但从他描写战争造成的惨重伤亡看，他是十分同情在战争中牺牲的战士，是不赞成这场战争的。另外，诗人说的是桑乾河“北”而非“南”。倘若是在河的南岸作战，那主要是防守；如今却打到了河的北岸，那就是主动方了。主动出击而被打败，其责任在于攻方的决策者、指挥者。这便给与了上层统治者无声的批评。由于作者许浑生活在中唐时代，唐朝已日益走下坡路，边塞诗多染上了时代的感伤情绪。此诗基调是凄婉、哀伤的。唐代诗人写边塞战争，一般习惯于以“汉”代“唐”，但许浑在这里用了“秦”，主要原因是考虑到用“汉”在音律方面犯了“孤平”。从另一方面，将唐王朝比做“暴秦”，或许也折射出对统治者的不满。
“朝来有乡信，犹自寄寒衣。”这两句运用“以一总万”的手法，在成千上万的牺牲者中挑出某一位战士，写在他牺牲的次日早晨有家信寄来，信中告诉他御寒的衣服已经寄出。上半首简单叙述了一次惨重的边塞战争，下半首说战士的家人来信寄冬衣的事。都不是什么特殊的内容，勾勒得也非常简单平实，但这两个场面紧密地安排在一起却产生了强烈的效果：一夜之隔，顿成阴阳之隔。仅仅差了一个晚上，寄给战士的家信战士再也看不到；信中说缝制的御寒衣服也已寄出，可是再没有人收取它了。此时此刻，阵亡的战士其尸骨抛掷在昨夜的战场，再也不需要寒衣，再也不会感受到亲人的眷念之情了，而家人却仍翘首以待，等待他的回信，等待他报以平安，等待他某一天从战场归来……悲剧效果就这样由于结构安排而产生。犹如电影中的蒙太奇，死亡与等待在同一个时间里交叠，让观者陷入思考，对牺牲者和家属寄予深刻的同情，同时批评残酷的战争。
这首诗诗人不发任何议论，而倾向性却从作者提炼出来的典型事件上自然地流露出来，短小中见深刻。艺术风格显得自然、平淡、质朴。但平淡并不浅露，思想深刻，耐人寻味，又能平中见奇，善作苦语，奇警动人。
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高适《
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塞下曲》
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戎昱《
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塞下曲》
许浑简介
唐代·许浑的简介
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许浑（约791～约858），字用晦（一作仲晦），唐代诗人，润州丹阳（今江苏丹阳）人。晚唐最具影响力的诗人之一，其一生不作古诗，专攻律体；题材以怀古、田园诗为佳，艺术则以偶对整密、诗律纯熟为特色。唯诗中多描写水、雨之景，后人拟之与诗圣杜甫齐名，并以“许浑千首诗，杜甫一生愁”评价之。成年后移家京口(今江苏镇江)丁卯涧，以丁卯名其诗集，后人因称“许丁卯”。许诗误入杜牧集者甚多。代表作有《咸阳城东楼》。
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