拟咏怀十一
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南北朝]：庾信
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摇落秋为气，凄凉多怨情。
啼枯湘水竹，哭坏杞梁城。
天亡遭愤战，日蹙值愁兵。
直虹朝映垒，长星夜落营。
楚歌饶恨曲，南风多死声。
眼前一杯酒，谁论身后名！
拟咏怀十一创作背景
诗人借悼念梁元帝的江陵之败和梁朝灭亡的悲剧，表现出一种痛定思痛的怀念故国之意。
拟咏怀十一鉴赏
“摇落秋为气，凄凉多怨情”是借宋玉《九辩》“悲哉秋之为气也！萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”之句来写景，并以秋风萧瑟、草木摇落的凄凉之景引出对往事的追忆。诗起首就奠定了全诗的悲怨基调，后面的用典也就大多与悲怨愤恨及其死亡相关。“啼枯湘水竹，哭坏杞梁城”一是用舜死时两个妃子为其而哭，泪洒竹上尽成斑点的典故，二是用春秋时齐国大夫杞梁为齐国伐莒，死于莒国城下，其妻号哭过于哀痛，而导致杞的城墙为之崩塌。作者用此两典，暗示梁元帝的失败和江陵城的陷落。“天亡遭愤战”后的六句借典故转入对梁灭亡的反思，言说梁灭亡前乃有不少败亡的征兆，说明国亡兵败乃是天意所致，其深层则含有谴责之意。“天亡遭愤战”引项羽之典。项羽兵败时对乌江亭长说：“此天要亡我，我又何必渡江呢？”然后自刎而亡。“遭愤战”是指遭遇使人怨愤的战争。“日蹙值愁兵”指梁的国土一天比一天在缩减，将士为之而愁也没有什么用处了。“直虹朝映垒，长星夜落营”，借天文之象暗喻梁早已显出败亡的迹象。《晋书·天文志》载：“虹头尾至地，流血之象”。长虹映照军营战垒是兵败的征兆，而长星流落营中又为主将陨落的先兆。“楚歌饶恨曲，南风多死声”，仍是用典。“楚歌”句用项羽兵困垓下，夜闻汉军四面楚歌之典，寓含梁朝江陵兵败多有怨恨之意；“南风”句则引《左传·襄公十八年》晋人对阵楚师则歌南风，多有死声，预言楚必然无功而返，而暗指梁元帝必败。以上六句都是引典而暗寓江陵败局乃天意难违。则有两解，一是谴责梁朝的君臣只顾眼前的享乐，将士养尊处优，不思战争，皇帝也淫逸骄奢，不虑身后的骂名；第二解则可理解为作者的愤激之言，说的是梁亡乃必然之事，我也就借酒浇愁，不管他身后的荣誉与名声了。庾信羁留北方而不能南归，预想自己肯定会被人诟病，但想到梁的腐败无能与不可挽救，也就顾不得论身后之名而借酒浇愁了。实际上这是庾信的愤激之言，梁必败早就有预兆，我等又何德何能力挽狂澜于既倒呢？那就暂且以杯中酒而自我安慰吧！
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苏轼《
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千秋岁·次韵少游》
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辛弃疾《
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杏花天·病来自是于春懒》
庾信简介
唐代·庾信的简介
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庾信（513—581）字子山，小字兰成，北周时期人。南阳新野（今属河南）人。他以聪颖的资质，在梁这个南朝文学的全盛时代积累了很高的文学素养，又来到北方，以其沉痛的生活经历丰富了创作的内容，并多少接受了北方文化的某些因素，从而形成自己的独特面貌。
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