乱后逢村叟
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唐代]：杜荀鹤
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经乱衰翁居破村，村中何事不伤魂。
因供寨木无桑柘，为著乡兵绝子孙。
还似平宁征赋税，未尝州县略安存。
至今鸡犬皆星散，日落前山独倚门。
乱后逢村叟译文及注释
译文
经历了多次战乱的老翁住在一个破败的村庄里，这村子中事事都叫人伤心。
因为修建军队营寨，村中的桑树和柘树都被砍光了。因为组建乡兵，村中的青壮年都战死沙场，老头儿都断绝了子孙。
在这种时候，官府的赋税却一点儿不能少，还像太平无事的年成一样征收。不但本乡如此，其他州县也未曾有过安抚体恤。
现在连鸡犬都星散而不知去向，只剩下老人在日落时孤零零地倚着柴门叹息。
注释
乱后：指唐末黄巢起义后。
经乱：经过战乱。此句一作“八十老翁住坡村”。
伤魂：伤心。此句一作“村中牢落不堪论”。
寨木：修建军队营寨用的木头。
著：一作“点”，点派，征集。乡兵：地方武装。
平宁：太平安宁的年头。
未尝：不曾。略：稍微。安存：安抚体恤。
星散：像空中的星星般分散消失，不知去向。
独：一作“哭”。
参考资料：
1、彭定求 等．全唐诗（下）．上海：上海古籍出版社，1986：1745-1746
2、于海娣 等．唐诗鉴赏大全集．北京：中国华侨出版社，2010：431-432
乱后逢村叟创作背景
此诗作于唐末社会动荡时期。唐末王仙芝、黄巢起义之后，军阀连年混战。在这个诗人叹息的兵荒马乱的年代，人们受尽各路军阀无耻的搜刮盘剥，还要遭受朝廷官府变本加厉的赋税徭役的压迫。《乱后逢村叟》一诗正是那个民不聊生的时代广大农村生活的反映。
参考资料：
1、于海娣 等．唐诗鉴赏大全集．北京：中国华侨出版社，2010：431-432
乱后逢村叟鉴赏
首联虽是转述村叟的情况，但可以烈感受到无比的凄恻、沉痛之情。颔联写战乱给村叟带来的灾难。桑柘，表达对官府朝廷无声而无比愤怒的控诉和抨击。颈联则通过村叟欲求生存的愿望的破灭，使全诗具有了一种普遍性指向和代表意义。尾联衰翁有气无力倚门对着前山的落日，传神地呈现出一个衰惫乏倦、孤苦无依的老翁形象。
不像多数“伤田家”一类揭示民生疾苦的诗作，常用贫富极端对立的方式来造成强烈的反差效果，以此对现实进行抨击（(如“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”、“苗疏税多不得食，输入官仓化为土”等），在这里，诗人只是真实地记叙、描摹乱后村叟的悲惨生活，而且这种记录是以一种客观、平静的方式进行的。诗中不写与“逢”字有关的内容，也没有与作者自己主观情绪有关的字眼，相形之下，首联在全诗中便显得十分突出。虽也只是转述村叟的情况，读者强烈感受到的却是诗人无比的凄恻、沉痛之情。一“逢”村叟，便是“乱”、“衰”、“破”“伤魂”，这样触目惊心的情形，村叟事事伤魂，诗人又何尝又伤魂。这里将村叟的情形、感受过程暗迁为诗人的心绪感受，是一种自然、含而不露和深层次的情绪转换。诗一开始即以这种与传统诗学的“含蓄”无关的“定味语”式的字眼，将惨痛现实及感受全盘托出，直接拉到读者眼前、心中，可谓字字惊心。“伤魂”二字，则实为诗眼，下面几联是在这一基调上具体情形的自然生发，不断加深着这种同属于“衰翁”、诗人和读者的“伤魂”之感。因此全诗看似冷静，实则情绪饱满，看似直白，实则含蓄蕴藉。七律首联素为人重视，此诗首联份量尤重。
颔联写战乱给村叟带来的灾难。桑柘，即男耕女织生活赖以维持的重要生产资料——桑树柘树都被砍伐殆尽，作兵营的寨栅了，村叟已无以为生，徭役又使他子孙断绝，永远失去了生存的保障和依靠，相比之下痛失亲人的悲苦也许倒还要好受一些。可以说，“三吏”、“三别”之中，痛苦更深地表现为亲情的折磨，《杜陵叟》、《卖炭翁》等诗中主人公也许还能“重整旗鼓”活下去，这里村叟却被逼入了绝境。诗人这种真实到令人心颤的实录，是要表达对官府朝廷无声而无比愤怒的控诉和抨击。不幸时代中，“诗史”性作品其实都同是这样一种指向。
颈联出句承续上联之意，直接点明“赋税”二字，是概括性交代，对句则通过村叟欲求生存（逃离到别的州县）的愿望的破灭，一下使全诗具有了一种普遍性指向和代表意义，而超越了对一个村叟的单纯记叙，诗也由此获得新的深广度。老人的遭遇正是当时千家万户生活的一个缩影，典型地概括了连年战乱给广大人民带来的深重灾难。
尾联稍异上两联，上句仍承续着上两联的苦况交待，下句却转入一个孤单、冷漠场景的刻划。子孙断绝、鸡犬星散的“家”门口，衰翁有气无力倚门对着前山的落日。全诗直到最后，才单用一个“独”字，将对村叟情形的记叙转入对村叟形象的简洁刻划，传神地呈现出一个衰惫乏倦、孤苦无依的老翁形象。也仅用这个“独”字，诗由对黑暗现实的无声抨击转入到对穷苦农民的深切同情。
《乱后逢村叟》之所以感人，其艺术力量正来源于这种对现实黑暗的抨击和对人民的同情，这一点又是通过极其通俗朴实的语言表达出来的，这是一种自觉的艺术追求。杜荀鹤出身寒微，境遇不顺，长期在社会底层的生活使他对人民的痛苦体察很深，故《唐风集》中不少反映民生疾苦、乱后心绪的诗作许多都像这首《乱后逢村叟》一样，是可以称为历史实录的作品。而正是这种由题材特点、创作者个性及艺术上的自觉追求所确立的语言风格，被世人称之为“杜荀鹤体”或“晚唐格”，体现出杜荀鹤诗的独特风貌。
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杜甫《
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新安吏》
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杜甫《
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大麦行》
杜荀鹤简介
唐代·杜荀鹤的简介
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杜荀鹤(846～904)，唐代诗人。字彦之，号九华山人。汉族，池州石埭（今安徽石台）人。大顺进士，以诗名，自成一家，尤长于宫词。大顺二年，第一人擢第，复还旧山。宣州田頵遣至汴通好，朱全忠厚遇之，表授翰林学士、主客员外郎、知制诰。恃势侮易缙绅，众怒，欲杀之而未及。天祐初卒。自序其文为《唐风集》十卷，今编诗三卷。事迹见孙光宪《北梦琐言》、何光远《鉴诫录》、《旧五代史·梁书》本传、《唐诗纪事》及《唐才子传》。
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四十时，履方砥节名誉扬。二府九列共翱翔，龙楼佳宴飞玉觞。
归来意气何洋洋，艳妻爱子牵锦裳。高堂朱户奈乐何，高堂朱户柰乐何。
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开河待闸苦热
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明代：
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陆深
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长江无六月，此语为谁传。筠簟纱厨里，何人不可怜。
我家本在三江上，竹树成行更森爽。画阁含风蘸水开，仙槎到海随潮长。
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绍熙四年加上寿圣皇太后尊号八首
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两汉：
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佚名
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宝册既奉，祗诵迺言。
仁深庆衍，益承益尊。