蝉
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唐代]：李商隐
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本以高难饱，徒劳恨费声。
薄宦梗犹泛，故园芜已平。
烦君最相警，我亦举家清。
蝉创作背景
李商隐平生曾两度入官秘书省，但最终未能得志，处境每况愈下。该诗就是表达了他虽仕途不顺，却坚守清高之志。
参考资料：
1、雅瑟．唐诗三百首鉴赏大全集．北京：新世界出版社，2011：383-384
蝉鉴赏
本以高难饱，徒劳恨费声
蝉本来就因栖息于高枝，难得一饱；它鸣叫不停，却不受理睬，真是白白辛苦，怨恨无穷啊。“以”，因。古人误以为蝉餐风饮露，所以说“高难饱”。“费声”，指鸣声频频。
就真实情况而言，蝉并非是因身在高处，不肯飞下来乞食而“难饱”；它的鸣叫声中也没有什么恨意，这完全是诗人自己的理解与感受，是其身世之感的寄托。“高”，语义双关，喻指人的品格高洁。
诗人自许清高，不肯屈就，结果只落得生活困顿，这不就是“高难饱”吗？他曾向令狐绹等当权者陈情，希望得到他们的理解和帮助，可最终还是不被人理会，依旧无法摆脱仕途坎坷的困境，这难道不是一场“徒劳”吗？在这里，蝉已经完全人格化了，诗人分明是借其表达自己艰难的身世和处境，所以纪昀说开头两句是“意在笔先”。
五更疏欲断，一树碧无情
蝉彻夜悲鸣，叫到五更天，已是声嘶力竭、稀稀落落，快要断绝了。可是那些树呢，依旧碧绿青翠，任凭蝉叫得如何凄苦动人，也是无动于衷，真是无情啊！
蝉声与树木的碧绿本来是毫不相干的，诗人却责怪树木的冷酷无情。显然，这同样是在寄托自己的身世遭遇，抒写自己的哀告无门、受人冷落。曾经有过深交的令狐绹等人本来是可以帮助李商隐的，可是，他们不仅没有伸出援助之手，反而处处排挤打击他。在这样的境况下，诗人怎能不怨恨与激愤。
薄宦梗犹泛，故园芜已平
这两句转向诗人自叙：我职卑禄薄，到处漂泊，早已丢下的家乡田园，已是一片荒芜。
《战国策·齐策》里有一则故事，桃偶讥笑泥人：“你是用泥土做成的人形，一到发洪水的时候，你就完了。”泥人说：“我是西岸土做的人，洪水来了，尽管我会没了人形，但我还可以被冲回西岸家乡去。而你呢，你是东国桃木做成的人，洪水一来，你还不知道漂泊到哪里去呢？”后来就用“梗泛”来比喻漂泊无定的生涯。“梗”，树木枝条。“泛”，漂流。李商隐长年辗转于各地为他人做幕僚，职位卑微，俸禄微薄，故称“薄宦”。
“故园芜已平”，从陶渊明《归去来辞》的“田园将芜胡不归”化用而来。陶渊明做官不如意，想到自己家乡的田地快要荒芜了，就辞官而去，归隐田园，自得其乐。自己也是仕途坎坷，处处碰壁，何不也像陶渊明那样早日还乡呢？可是，故园荒芜，似乎已经没有自己的立身之地，真是进亦难，退亦难！
这两句在四处漂泊、前途黯淡的生活身世倾诉中，透露出诗人的失意与苍凉。
烦君最相警，我亦举家清
这两句是作者对蝉说的话：多劳你给我警告，我一家人的生活也和你一样清寒。“君”，指蝉。“警”，警醒，这里有触动的意思。蝉在告诫什么呢？有人说是警告诗人为什么不及早回头，早归故园；有人则认为是提醒诗人保持高洁的操守。
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张九龄《
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感遇·江南有丹橘》
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骆宾王《
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咏蝉》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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