咏田家
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唐代]：聂夷中
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医得眼前疮，剜却心头肉。
我愿君王心，化作光明烛。
不照绮罗筵，只照逃亡屋。
咏田家译文及注释
译文
二月蚕未结茧，早成抵债之物；五月谷未成熟，也已忍痛卖出。
这是挖掉心头好肉，来补眼前烂疮。
希望帝王之心，化作光明之烛。
不照豪华筵席，只照灾民空屋。
注释
粜（tiào）：出卖谷物。
眼前疮（chuāng）：指眼前的困难，眼前的痛苦。
剜（wān）却：挖掉，用刀挖除。 心头肉：身体的关键部位，这里喻指赖以生存的劳动果实。
绮（qǐ）罗：贵重的丝织品。这里指穿绫罗绸缎的人。筵（yán）：宴席。
逃亡屋：贫苦农民无法生活，逃亡在外留下的空屋。
参考资料：
1、张国举．唐诗精华注译评．长春：长春出版社，2010：818
咏田家创作背景
唐末广大农村破产，农民遭受的剥削更加惨重，至于颠沛流离，无以生存。在这样的严酷背景上，产生了可与李绅《悯农二首》前后辉映的聂夷中《咏田家》。
参考资料：
1、周啸天 等．唐诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1983：1305-1306
咏田家鉴赏
《咏田家》是聂夷中的代表作，也是晚唐诗歌创作中的艺术佳品。诗中运用形象生动的比喻和鲜明对比的表现手法，愤怒地控诉了形形色色的高利贷给唐末农民所带来的深重苦难，表达了诗人对广大农民的深厚同情。
诗的前四句为第一层，主要描写残酷的高利贷剥削给广大农民所带来的剜心割肉般的痛楚。开篇就揭露封建社会农村一种典型“怪”事：“二月卖新丝，五月粜新谷”，写出了农民在青黄不接之时被迫借贷的悲惨境地。二月还未着手养蚕，五月稻子尚处青苗期，然而，贫苦的农民迫于生计，为济燃眉之急，竟不得不以未来的新丝、新谷作抵押，借上“驴打滚”的高利贷。“二”“五”月极言时间之早，这么早就背上阎王债，足以说明农民已到了山穷水尽、骨枯髓干的地步。“卖”“粜”状其只出不入，深刻反映了农民的辛酸血泪和无比痛苦。“医得眼前疮，剜却心头肉”两句，运用比喻的手法，形象地揭示出高利贷吮血噬骨的残酷剥削本质。“眼前疮”固然比喻眼前急难，“心头肉”固然比喻丝谷等农家命根，但这比喻所取得的惊人效果决非“顾得眼前顾不了将来”的概念化表述能及万一。剜却性命攸关的“心头肉”以疗眼前毒疮，是迫不得已，其后果更是不堪想象。旧伤未愈添新伤，穷困伴着死亡行，这就是对当时广大农民濒临绝境的高度概括和生动写照。“挖肉补疮”，自古未闻，但如此写来最能尽情，既深刻又典型，因而成为千古传诵的名句。
诗的后四句为第二层，主要是直抒胸臆，尽吐胸中块垒，表达诗人对解决正在激化中的社会矛盾的希望和设想，深寄对“君主”的讥刺之意，表达改良现实的愿望，颇合新乐府倡导者提出的“惟歌生民病，愿得天子知”（白居易《寄唐生》）的精神。诗人把解决矛盾的希望寄托在“君王”身上，这反映出作者存在一定的时代和阶级的局限性，但是，也从另一个侧面深刻地揭露了封建社会最高统治者“君王”所代表的个人利益。“君王”之“烛”只照地主豪绅，权贵达官，而其光不可射及逃亡的农舍，即客观反映其一向只代表豪富的利益而不恤民病，不满之意见于言外，妙在运用反笔揭示皇帝昏聩，世道不公。“绮罗筵”与“逃亡屋”构成鲜明对比，反映出两极分化的尖锐阶级对立的社会现实，增强了批判性。它形象地暗示出农家卖青破产的原因，又由“逃亡”二字点出其结果必然是：“殚其地之出，竭其庐之入，呼号而转徙，饥渴而顿踣”，“非死而徙尔”（柳宗元《捕蛇者说》），充满作者对田家的同情，并含蓄而尖锐地讥刺了“君王”的不恤黎庶，使读者能够透过黑暗的社会现实，思味出那激化社会矛盾的真正罪手。
这首诗之所以向为人们所传诵，除了它真实而带有高度概括性地再现了封建社会的黑暗现实、反映了农民的痛苦生活、具有高度的思想性之外，还在于它有高超的表现技巧。
首先，形象的比喻，高度的概括，使得诗歌的容量更为广阔。对农民被迫借取高利贷及其更惨痛的后果，诗人并未明白道出，而是用“剜却心头肉”以“医得眼前疮”来比喻之。剜肉补疮，并非根本的疗毒之策，它只会造成更加严重的新局面。这样以剜肉补疮来比喻农民以借高利贷济燃眉之急，是再形象不过了，也是再具有高度概括力不过的了。这个比喻，一方面使诗歌的形象具备了可感性，另一方面也深刻地揭示了问题的本质，使有限的形式容纳了无限广阔深厚的社会内容。
其次，鲜明的对比手法的运用，把封建社会中贫富悬殊的阶级差别给历历如绘的描写出来了。“不照绮罗筵，只照逃亡屋”，本是对“君王”的希冀之语，但其中却包含了双重对比的意味。从“君王”的角度来说，恩泽不均，只顾富室，不恤贫苦，这一对比，就把“君王”的阶级立场给鲜明地展示在读者面前；从社会现实的角度来看，一边是权贵豪门华丽的衣着，丰盛的筵宴，一边却是无衣无食，贫困破产，逃亡在外。这一对比，就把地主富室用高利贷剥削农民的严重恶果给突现出来了。如此形象的对比，也把作者鲜明的爱憎之情给烘托得淋漓尽致。
此外，这首诗的语言颇质朴通俗，感情也很真诚感人，充分显示了聂夷中驾驭语言、节制感情的功力。胡震亨论唐诗，认为聂夷中等人“洗剥到极净极省，不觉自成一体”，而“夷中诗尤关教化”（《唐音癸签》），从此诗即可看出。其所以如此，与语言的朴素凝炼同取材造境的典型都是分不开的。
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佚名《
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明月皎夜光》
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尤袤《
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淮民谣》
聂夷中简介
唐代·聂夷中的简介
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聂夷中，字坦之，河东人，一说为河南人。咸通十二年(871)登第，官华阴尉。到任时，除琴书外，身无余物。其诗语言朴实，辞浅意哀。不少诗作对封建统治阶级对人民的残酷剥削进行了深刻揭露，对广大田家农户的疾苦则寄予极为深切的同情。代表作有《咏田家》、《田家二首》、《短歌》、《早发邺北经古城》、《杂怨》等，其中以《咏田家》和《田家二首》（其一）流传最广（《田家二首》（其二）后人多认定为李绅的作品，故不提）。
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宋代：
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苏轼
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词源灩灩波头展，清唱一声岩谷满。
未容雪积句先高，岂独湖开心自远。
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挽大溪姚祥叔即南
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宋代：
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戴复古
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庆门今独盛，旧族有光华。
日坐不欺至，天兴积善家。