柯敬仲墨竹
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明代]：李东阳
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莫将画竹论难易，刚道繁难简更难。
柯敬仲墨竹译文及注释
译文
不要随意地谈论画竹的难与易，应该说工笔不易写意更加难。
您看他萧疏地涂下几片竹叶，便渲染出满堂风雨寒气凛然。
注释
柯敬仲：名九思，号丹丘生，元代台州人。著名书画家，博学能诗文，长于画山水、人物、花卉，尤以墨竹为佳。著有《竹谱》一书。
刚：偏要。
萧萧：稀疏的样子。
不胜（shēng）：禁不起。
寒：寒冷。
柯敬仲墨竹创作背景
柯敬仲是元代著名书画家，所画墨竹图尤为佳妙。《柯敬仲墨竹》是诗人李东阳谈其墨竹绘画技巧的题画诗，也可作为一篇画论。
参考资料：
1、陈器之．历代诗词曲千首精译 下册：湖南人民出版社，1998.09：1356
柯敬仲墨竹鉴赏
《柯敬仲墨竹》首联以议论出之，谈画竹的难易繁简。诗人在此称赞柯氏墨竹之“简”。笔简，脱去形似的画风，力追写意，更能实现其气逸、其格高，这是文人画所追求的美学境界。“莫将画竹论难易”，开口就劝人不要轻率谈论画竹难易这回事，因为其中道理深沉，作者是针对识见肤浅者而言的，也是针对他自己过去的认识而言的，所以此句的“莫将”，也有心商口度的意味。“刚道繁难简更难”，这句中有两个分句，一个“刚道繁难”即硬要说繁难，因为“繁难”是简单的道理，所以才一口咬定，实是“知其一，不知其二”。二是“简更难”，尽翻前四字之案，“简更难”是不合于习惯看法的，但它包含更深刻的道理。所以第二句中有一个波澜跌宕，令人耳目一新。
前二句皆议论，而后两句则是为前两句寻找的艺术个案证明，诗人将目光投到画面上来，通过对具体画境和观画的感受的描述，生动展现画家所创造出来的境界，给第二句的说理以形象的论证。“君看萧萧只数叶，满堂风雨不胜寒”其实也是对眼前柯九思所画的墨竹图而作出的高度称赞。艺术创作并不在写繁还是写简，关键在于它是否能生动传神，让人感到真境逼人。柯九思所画竹，萧萧数叶之间却能产生风雨飘飒、寒气袭人的艺术效果，可见简便非易，数叶的竹虽简，但却是以虚写实，取得了形简而意远的艺术成就。数叶之竹，其神态却具备天下风雨飒然而至的意蕴，文人画之神妙尽在画笔间。这里的说理因具体生动的例证而变得十分有力。
从艺术手法上，起码由视觉沟通了两重的通感：一是作用于听觉，一幅画居然能产生满堂风雨的感觉。这是耳朵发生错觉，可见画的简而妙；二是作用于肤觉，一幅画居然又产生了降温的感觉，这是生理上另一错觉，再见画的简而妙。从炼句上看，通常形容“只数叶”，用“寥寥”也合律。而诗人却用了“萧萧”，这就不但绘形，而且绘声。这是风吹竹叶、雨打竹叶之声，于是三、四两句就浑然一体了。如换着“寥寥”，也能过得去，但过得去并不就佳妙。从语气上看，用了“君看”二字，与首句“莫将”云，皆属第二人称的写法，像是谈心对话。
这首小诗既是评论柯氏的墨竹，也探讨了艺术的真谛，意象与画论结合，诗情与哲理交融。巧妙的做到了诗意与画论的结合。诗人以简笔写意赞画家的简笔写意，诗画相得相彰。前两句是借观柯九思的墨竹图而发议论，专门拈出了画竹的难易繁简问题，表达了诗人对文人画尚意崇简美学趣味的推崇。这里没有逼真地描绘画面，主要是写意，写出流动在画面的气韵，制造出一种萧疏、凄冷的氛围。上联以抽象论艺的方式评价柯氏的画艺，下联则是具体印证：简笔，不是简率，而是在“意匠惨淡经营中”达到形似基础上的升华。
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袁枚《
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夜过借园见主人坐月下吹笛》
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唐寅《
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言志》
李东阳简介
唐代·李东阳的简介
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李东阳（1447年－1516年），字宾之，号西涯，谥文正，明朝中叶重臣，文学家，书法家，茶陵诗派的核心人物。湖广长沙府茶陵州（今湖南茶陵）人，寄籍京师（今北京市）。天顺八年进士，授编修，累迁侍讲学士，充东宫讲官，弘治八年以礼部侍郎兼文渊阁大学士，直内阁，预机务。立朝五十年，柄国十八载，清节不渝。文章典雅流丽，工篆隶书。有《怀麓堂集》、《怀麓堂诗话》、《燕对录》。
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