爱莲说
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宋代]：周敦颐
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水陆草木之花，可爱者甚蕃。晋陶渊明独爱菊。自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹。予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。(甚爱一作：盛爱)
予谓菊，花之隐逸者也；牡丹，花之富贵者也；莲，花之君子者也。噫！菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。莲之爱，同予者何人？牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣!
爱莲说译文及注释
译文
水上、陆地上各种草本木本的花，值得喜爱的非常多。晋代的陶渊明唯独喜爱菊花。从李氏唐朝以来，世人大多喜爱牡丹。我唯独喜爱莲花从积存的淤泥中长出却不被污染，经过清水的洗涤却不显得妖艳。（它的茎）中间贯通外形挺直，不牵牵连连也不枝枝节节，香气传播更加清香，笔直洁净地竖立在水中。（人们）可以远远地观赏（莲），而不可轻易地玩弄它啊。
我认为菊花，是花中的隐士；牡丹，是花中的富贵者；莲花，是花中（品德高尚）的君子。唉！（对于）菊花的喜爱，陶渊明以后就很少听到了。（对于）莲花的喜爱，像我一样的还有什么人呢？（对于）牡丹的喜爱，人数当然就很多了!
注释
甚：很，十分。
说：一种议论文的文体，可以直接说明事物或论述道理，也可以借人、借事或借物的记载来论述道理。
之：的。
可爱：值得怜爱。
者：花。
甚：很，非常。
蕃：多。
自：自从。
李唐：指唐朝。唐朝皇帝姓李所以称为“李唐”。
独：只，仅仅。
之：主谓之间取消句子独立性。
出：长出。
淤（yū）泥：污泥。
染：沾染（污秽）。
濯（zhuó）：洗涤。
清涟（lián）：水清而有微波，这里指清水
妖：美丽而不端庄。
通：贯通；通透。
直：挺立的样子。
中通外直：（它的茎）内空外直。
不蔓（màn）不枝：不生蔓，不长枝
香远益清：香气远播，愈加使人感到清雅。
益：更加。
清：清芬。
亭亭净植：笔直地洁净地立在那里。 亭亭：耸立的样子。
植：树立。
可：只能。
亵玩:玩弄。
亵（xiè）：亲近而不庄重。
焉：句末语气词，这里指当于现代汉语的‘‘啊’’ ‘‘呀’’，助词。
谓：认为。
隐逸者：指隐居的人。在封建社会里，有些人不愿意跟统治者同流合污，就隐居避世；
盛：广。
君子：指道德品质高尚的人。
者：……的人或物。随着前面的名词而变化。
噫：感叹词，相当于现在的"唉"。
菊之爱：对于菊花的喜爱。之：语气助词，的。（一说为“宾语提前的标志”）
鲜（xiǎn）：少。
闻：听说。
同予者何人：像我一样的还有什么人呢？
宜乎众矣：（爱牡丹的）应当有很多人吧。
宜乎：当然（应该）。
宜：当。
众：众多。
参考资料：
1、刘盼遂 郭预衡 ．中国历代散文选 ：北京出版社 ，1981 ：228-229 ．
2、人民教育出版社语文室 ．九年义务教育标准实验教科书·语文·八年级·上册 ：人民教育出版社 ，2008 ：171-172 ．
3、周敦颐与《爱莲说》·赣南师范学院学报 , Journal of Gannan Teacher’s College 编辑部邮箱, 1983年Z1期
爱莲说创作背景
宋熙宁四年（公元1071年），周敦颐来星子任南康知军。周敦颐来星子后，在军衙东侧开挖了一口池塘，全部种植荷花。周敦颐来星子时已值暮年（55岁），又抱病在身，所以每当茶余饭后，他或独身一人，或邀三五幕僚好友，于池畔赏花品茗，并写下了散文《爱莲说》。
爱莲说鉴赏
这篇文章可明显分为二部分：前一部分对莲花高洁的形象极尽铺排描绘之能事；第二部分则揭示了莲花的比喻义，分评三花，并以莲自况，抒发了作者内心深沉的慨叹。
作者起笔说：“水陆草木之花，可爱者甚蕃。”选用“可爱”二字，包罗群芳，表明托物寄兴，并不刻意求工，极见其立言斟酌之妙。接着叙说“晋陶渊明独爱菊”。陶渊明不肯为五斗米折腰，解绶归隐后，饮酒赋诗，安享“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的田园逸趣。“独爱菊”，显示渊明雅致芬芳，傲然物外的性格，而且更加明确了题意：陶渊明可以爱菊抒怀，我怎不可独爱莲呢？继写“自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹”，写了唐人，特别是统治阶层“甚爱牡丹”的好尚，这几句像是重复，但实为加深语意也，而且此句入文，让对比感更为强烈，为其求莲之高洁铺下了引子。大意是周敦颐本人独爱莲与晋陶渊明的爱菊避世不同，为保持一份高洁，宁愿终老南山。他要在尘世中当个出淤泥而不染的君子。这种在污世保持清白与独自避世求真的心态，与众人皆羡富贵（牡丹）的从众心态是有着思想境界上本质的区别的。这为爱莲说所要表达的“出淤泥而不染”作了最好的铺垫。然后作者撇开一笔说，让那班人爱其所爱吧，“予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉”。这一连串铺叙，对莲花挺拔秀丽的芳姿，清逸超群的令德，特别是可敬而不可侮慢的嵚崎磊落的风范，作了有力的渲染。这几句隐喻作者本身具有“出淤泥而不染，濯清莲而不妖”的高尚品格。实际上，他说的意思就是：官场黑暗，要在官场上保持自己高洁的品格，就如同莲花出淤泥而不染那么难。这也是他为官的经验总结，因为他不想同流合污。而“濯清莲而不妖”，不过是作者的一种良好愿望罢了。他为官正直，数洗冤狱，为民作主；晚年定居庐山，著书明道，洁身自爱，颐养天年，便是身体力行，澹泊明志的体现。这正是这篇小品能给人思想情趣以深切感染的着力之处。
接下来，作者对三种花象征的不同性格进行了比较和品评：“予谓菊，花之隐逸者也；牡丹，花之富贵者也；莲，花之君子者也。”本来，花是不具备人格的，但在作者眼里，莲花近于菊，却不像菊那样清高冷傲，似乎是逃避现实的隐者；它更不像牡丹那样妍丽妖冶，以富贵媚人。莲花出于污浊现实而不受沾染，受清水洗濯而不显妖冶，实为百花丛中的贤君子。另外，莲花又是佛教中的圣物，如来、观音均以莲花为座。唐释道世《三宝敬佛》云：“故十方诸佛，同出于淤泥之浊；三身正觉，俱坐于莲台之上。”作者《题莲》诗也云：“佛爱我亦爱，清香蝶不偷。一般清意味，不上美人头。”与这篇小品参照，情趣相得益彰。
最后，作者评花进而对“爱”也作出评价：“噫！菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻；莲之爱，同予者何人？牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣！”深深地慨叹：当今之世真隐者少，有德者寡，而趋炎附势钻刺富贵之门的小人比比皆是；这莽莽红尘，能有几个志同道合之人，共同去根治这社会痼疾呢？这里先用花进行比喻，让花的特性喻人，虽平淡，但比喻帖切，然后借花喻人，将陶渊明的避世，世人皆追求荣华富贵的心态描写的淋漓尽致。言下虽不免流露出一种孤掌难鸣的哀怨，但意味深长，无情地鞭挞了那些寡廉鲜耻之徒。这里，周敦颐是高傲的，他那种不从众只求纯净的心态，在碌碌尘世中是难能可贵的。他感叹，是因为世风日下，大多数人皆被世事玷染。
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孟子及其弟子《
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生于忧患，死于安乐》
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柳宗元《
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小石潭记》
周敦颐简介
唐代·周敦颐的简介
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周敦颐，宋营道楼田堡（今湖南道县）人，北宋著名哲学家，是学术界公认的宋明理学开山鼻祖。“两汉而下，儒学几至大坏。千有馀载，至宋中叶，周敦颐出于舂陵，乃得圣贤不传之学，作《太极图说》、《通书》，推明阴阳五行之理，明于天而性于人者，了若指掌。”《宋史·道学传》将周子创立理学学派提高到了极高的地位。
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白居易
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谢玄晖殁吟声寝，郡阁寥寥笔砚闲。无复新诗题壁上，
虚教远岫列窗间。忽惊歌雪今朝至，必恐文星昨夜还。
再喜宣城章句动，飞觞遥贺敬亭山。
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夜坐同兄
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明代：
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石宝
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明月出东方，虫声初在户。宿霭倏已收，庭阶出芳杜。
流云翻细波，坐对喜欲舞。秋色何悠扬，龙泉碧花古。
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齐前后舞歌二首 其二 后舞阶步歌
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两汉：
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佚名
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皇皇我后，绍业盛明。涤拂除秽，宇宙载清。允执中和，以莅苍生。
玄化远被，兆世轨形。何以崇德，乃作九成。妍步恂恂，雅曲芬馨。
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昆岩
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宋代：
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林景熙
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神斧何年凿，南山片石盘。
玉藏仙笥古，翠落县门寒。
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道上观别者
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宋代：
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王称
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完山有鸣鸟，其声一何哀。死别徒已矣，生离当告谁。
圣人出应期，玉烛耀九垓。三殇无怨苛，四表罔不谐。